• Ä¿¹Â´ÏƼ
  • °ü·Ã »çÀÌÆ®
  • ÀÚ/·á/½Ç

    Introduction

    • ±¹¹®ÀÚ·á
    •   ¤¤ Àαǰü·Ã±Ô¾à
    •   ¤¤ º¸°í¼­ ¹× ±âŸÀÚ·á
    • ¿µ¹®ÀÚ·á
    •   ¤¤ Àαǰü·Ã±Ô¾à
    •   ¤¤ º¸°í¼­ ¹× ±âŸÀÚ·á
    • ¸í¿¹È¸Àå ¼ö»óÁý
    22. Conference on Security and Co-Operation Europe Final Act(HELSINKI 1975)-4
    ÀÛ¼ºÀÚ : °ü¸®ÀÚ ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ : 2008-01-30 Á¶È¸¼ö : 436 ÆÄ ÀÏ :

    ¥¸. Conference on Security and Co-Operation Europe Final Act(HELSINKI 1975)

    22. CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT(HELSINKI 1975)


    Contents

    Preamble

    Questions relating to Security in Europe
     1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States
     
    I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty
      II. Refraining from the threat or use of force
      III. Inviolability of frontiers
      IV. Territorial integrity of States
      V. Peaceful settlement of disputes
      VI. Non-intervention in internal affairs
      VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including  the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
      VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples
      IX. Co-operation among States
      X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law
     (b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles

     2. Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament
     
    I. Prior notification of major military manoeuvres
                   Prior notification of other military manoeuvres
                   Exchange of observers
                   Prior notification of major military movements
                   Other confidence-building measures
      II. Questions relating to disarmament
      III. General considerations

    Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment

     1. Commercial Exchanges
     
    General provisions
      Business contacts and facilities
      Economic and commercial information
      Marketing

     2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest
     
    Industrial co-operation
      Projects of common interest

     3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation
     
    Harmonization of standards
      Arbitration
      Specific bilateral arrangements

     4. Science and technology
     
    Possibilities for improving co-operation
      Fields of co-operation
       Agriculture
       Energy
       New technologies, rational use of resources
       Transport technology
       Physics
       Chemistry
       Meteorology and hydrology
       Oceanography
       Seismological research
       Research on glaciology, permafrost
       and problems of life under conditions of cold
       Computer, communication and information technologies
       Space research
       Medicine and public health
       Environmental research
      Forms and methods of co-operation

     5. Environment
     
    Aims of co-operation
      Fields of co-operation
       Control of air pollution
       Water pollution control and fresh water utilization
       Protection of the marine environment
       Land utilization and soils
       Nature conservation and nature reserves
       Improvement of environmental conditions in areas
       of human settlement
       Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting
       and assessment of environmental changes
       Legal and administrative measures
      Forms and methods of co-operation

     6. Co-operation in other areas
     
    Development of transport
      Promotion of tourism
      Economic and social aspects of migrant labour
      Training of personnel

    Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean

    Co-operation in Humanitarian and Other Fields

     1. Human Contacts
     
    (a) Contacts and regular meetings on the basis of family ties
      (b) Reunification of families(Human Contacts continued)
      (c) Marriage between citizens of different states
      (d) Travel for personal or professional reasons
      (e) Improvement of conditions for tourism on an Individual or collective 
    basis
      (f) Meetings among young people
      (g) Sport
      (h) Expansion of contacts

     2. Information
      (a) Improvement of the circulation of, Access to, and exchange of 
    information
       (i) Oral information
       (ii) Printed information
       (iii) Filmed and broadcast information
      (b) Co-operation in the field of information
      (c) Improvement of working conditions for journalists

     3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture
     
    Extension of relations
      Mutual knowledge
      Exchanges and dissemination
      Access
      Contacts and co-operation
      Fields and forms of co-operation
       National minorities or regional cultures

     4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education
     
    (a) Extension of relations
      (b) Access and exchanges
      (c) Science
       exact and natural sciences
       medicine
       the humanities and social sciences
      (d) Foreign languages and civilizations
      (e) Teaching methods
       National minorities or regional cultures

    Follow-up to the Conference

     About the text of the Helsinki Final Act

     Signatures

     

    3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture

    The participating States
     Considering that cultural exchanges and co-operation contribute to a better comprehension among people and among peoples, and thus promote a lasting understanding among States,
     Confirming the conclusions already formulated in this field at the multilateral level, particularly at the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies in Europe, organized by UNESCO in Helsinki in June 1972, where interest was manifested in the active participation of the broadest possible social groups in an increasingly diversified cultural life,
     Desiring, with the development of mutual confidence and the further improvement of relations between the participating States, to continue further efforts toward progress in this field,
     Disposed in this spirit to increase substantially their cultural exchanges, with regard both to persons and to cultural works, and to develop among them an active co-operation, both at the bilateral and the multilateral level, in aft the fields of culture,
     Convinced that such a development of their mutual relations will contribute to the enrichment of the respective cultures, while respecting the originality of each, as well as to the reinforcement among them of a consciousness of common values, while continuing to develop cultural co-operation with other countries of the world,
     Declare that they jointly set themselves the following objectives:

     (a)  to develop the mutual exchange of information with a view to a  better knowledge of respective cultural achievements,
     (b)  to improve the facilities for the exchange and for the dissemination  of cultural property,
     (c)  to promote access by all to respective cultural achievements,
     (d)  to develop contacts and co-operation among persons active in the  field of culture,
     (e)  to seek new fields and forms of cultural co-operation,

     Thus give expression to their common will to take progressive, coherent and longterm action in order to achieve the objectives of the present declaration; and
     Express their intention now to proceed to the implementation of the following:

    Extension of Relations

     To expand and improve at the various levels co-operation and links in the field of culture, in particular by:

    -  concluding, where appropriate, agreements on a bilateral or multilateral basis, providing for the extension of relations among competent State institutions and nongovernmental organizations in the field of culture, as well as among people engaged in cultural activities, taking into account the need both for flexibility and the fullest possible use of existing agreements, and bearing in mind that agreements and also other arrangements constitute important means of developing cultural cooperation and exchanges;
    -  contributing to the development of direct communication and co-operation among relevant State institutions and non-governmental organizations, including, where necessary, such communication and co-operation carried out on the basis of special agreements and arrangements;
    -  encouraging direct contacts and communications among persons engaged in cultural activities, including, where necessary, such contacts and communications carried out on the basis of special agreements. and arrangements.

    Mutual Knowledge

     Within their competence to adopt, on a bilateral and multilateral level, appropriate measures which would give their peoples a more comprehensive and complete mutual knowledge of their achievements in the various fields of culture, and among them:

    -  to examine jointly, if necessary with the assistance of appropriate international
    organizations, the possible creation in Europe and the structure of a bank of cultural data, which would collect information from the participating countries and make it available to its correspondents on their request, and to convene for this purpose a meeting of experts from interested States;
    -  to consider, if necessary in conjunction with appropriate international organizations, ways of compiling in Europe an inventory of documentary films of a cultural or scientific nature from the participating States;
    -  to encourage more frequent book exhibitions and to examine the possibility of organizing periodically in Europe a large-scale exhibition of books from the participating States;
    -  to promote the systematic exchange, between the institutions concerned and publishing houses, of catalogues of available books as well as of pre-publication material which will include, as far as possible, all forthcoming publications; and also to promote the exchange of material between firms publishing encyclopaedias, with a view to improving the presentation of each country;
    - to examine jointly questions of expanding and improving exchanges of information in the various fields of culture, such as theatre, music, library work as well as the conservation and restoration of cultural property.

    Exchanges and Dissemination

     To contribute to the improvement of facilities for exchanges and the dissemination of cultural property, by appropriate means, in particular by:

    -  studying the possibilities for harmonizing and reducing the charges relating to
    international commercial exchanges of books and other cultural materials, and also for new means of insuring works of art in foreign exhibitions and for reducing the risks of damage or loss to which these works are exposed by their movement;
    -  facilitating the formalities of customs clearance, in good time for programmes of artistic events, of the works of art, materials and accessories appearing on lists agreed upon by the organizers of these events;
    -  encouraging meetings among representatives of competent organizations and relevant firms to examine measures within their field of activity - such as the simplification of orders, time limits for sending supplies and modalities of payment - which might facilitate international commercial exchanges of books;
    -  promoting the loan and exchange of films among their film institutes and film
    libraries;
    -  encouraging the exchange of information among interested parties concerning events of a cultural character foreseen in the participating States, in fields where this is most appropriate, such as music, theatre and the plastic and graphic arts, with a view to contributing to the compilation and publication of a calendar of such events, with the assistance, where necessary, of the appropriate international organizations;
    -  encouraging a study of the impact which the foreseeable development, and a possible harmonization among interested parties, of the technical means used for the dissemination of culture might have on the development of cultural co-operation and exchanges, while keeping in view the preservation of the diversity and originality, of their respective cultures;
    -  encouraging, in the way they deem appropriate, within their cultural policies, the further development of interest in the cultural heritage of the other participating States, conscious of the merits and the value of each culture;
    -  endeavouring to ensure the full and effective application of the international agreements and conventions on copyrights and on circulation of cultural property to which they are party or to which they may decide in the future to become party.

    Access

     To promote fuller mutual access by all to the achievements - works, experiences and performing arts - in the various fields of culture of their countries, and to that end to make the best possible efforts, in accordance with their competence, more particularly:

    -  to promote wider dissemination of books and artistic works, in particular by such means as:

     facilitating, while taking full account of the international copyright conventions to which they are party, international contacts and communications between authors and publishing houses as well as other cultural institutions, with a view to a more complete mutual access to cultural achievements;
     recommending that, in determining the size of editions, publishing houses take into account also the demand from the other participating States, and that rights of sale in other participating States be granted, where possible, to several sales organizations of the importing countries, by agreement between interested partners;
     encouraging competent organizations and relevant firms to conclude agreements and contracts and contributing, by this means, to a gradual increase in the number and diversity of works by authors from the other participating States available in the original and in translation in their libraries and bookshops;
     promoting, where deemed appropriate, an increase in the number of sales outlets where books by authors from the other participating States, imported in the original on the basis of agreements and contracts, and in translation, are for sale;
     promoting, on a wider scale, the translation of works in the sphere of literature and other fields of cultural activity, produced in the languages of the other participating States, especially from the less widely-spoken languages, and the publication and dissemination of the translated works by such measures as:
     encouraging more regular contacts between interested publishing houses;
     developing their efforts in the basic and advanced training of translators;
     encouraging, by appropriate means, the publishing houses of their countries to publish translations;
     facilitating the exchange between publishers and interested institutions of lists of books which might be translated;
     promoting between their countries the professional activity and co-operation of translators;
     carrying out joint studies on ways of further promoting translations and their dissemination;
     improving and expanding exchanges of books, bibliographies and catalogue cards between libraries;

    -  to envisage other appropriate measures which would permit, where necessary by mutual agreement among interested parties, the facilitation of access to their respective cultural achievements, in particular in the field of books;
    -  to contribute by appropriate means to the wider use of the mass media in order to improve mutual acquaintance with the cultural fife of each;
    -  to seek to develop the necessary conditions for migrant workers and their families to preserve their links with their national culture, and also to adapt themselves to their new cultural environment;
    -  to encourage the competent bodies and enterprises to make a wider choice and effect wider distribution of full-length and documentary films from the other participating States, and to promote more frequent non-commercial showings, such as premières, film weeks and festivals, giving due consideration to films from countries whose cinematographic works are less well known;
    -  to promote, by appropriate means, the extension of opportunities for specialists from the other participating States to work with materials of a cultural character from film and audio-visual archives, within the framework of the existing rules for work on such archival materials;
    -  to encourage a joint study by interested bodies, where appropriate with the assistance of the competent international organizations, of the expediency and the conditions for the establishment of a repertory of their recorded television programmes of a cultural nature, as well as of the means of viewing them rapidly in order to facilitate their selection and possible acquisition.

    Contacts and Co-operation

     To contribute, by appropriate means, to the development of contacts and co-operation in the various fields of culture, especially among creative artists and people engaged in cultural activities, in particular by making efforts to:

    -  promote for persons active in the field of culture, travel and meetings including, where necessary, those carried out on the basis of agreements, contracts or other special arrangements and which are relevant to their cultural co-operation;
    -  encourage in this way contacts among creative and performing artists and artistic groups with a view to their working together, making known their works in other participating States or exchanging views on topics relevant to their common activity;
    -  encourage, where necessary through appropriate arrangements, exchanges of trainee and specialists and the granting of scholarships for basic and advanced training in various fields of culture such as the arts and architecture, museums and libraries, literary studies and translation, and contribute to the creation of favourable conditions of reception in their respective institutions;
    -  encourage the exchange of experience in the training of organizers of cultural activities as well as of teachers and specialists in fields such as theatre, opera, ballet, music and fine arts;
    -  continue to encourage the organization of international meetings among creative artists, especially young creative artists, on current questions of artistic and literary creation which are of interest for joint study;
    -  study other possibilities for developing exchanges and co-operation among persons active in the field of culture, with a view to a better mutual knowledge of the cultural fife of the participating States.

    Fields and Forms of Co-operation

     To encourage the search for new fields and forms of cultural co-operation, to these ends contributing to the conclusion among interested parties, where necessary, of appropriate agreements and arrangements, and in this context to promote:

    -  joint studies regarding cultural policies, in particular in their social aspects, and as they relate to planning, town-planning, educational and environmental policies, and the cultural aspects of tourism;
    -  the exchange of knowledge in the realm of cultural diversity, with a view to contributing thus to a better understanding by interested parties of such diversity where it occurs;
    -  the exchange of information, and as may be appropriate, meetings of experts, the elaboration and the execution of research programmes and projects, as well as their joint evaluation, and the dissemination of the results, on the subjects indicated above;
    -   such forms of cultural co-operation and the development of such joint projects as: international events in the fields of the plastic and graphic arts, cinema, theatre, ballet, music, folklore, etc.; book fairs and exhibitions, joint performances of operatic and dramatic works, as well as performances given by soloists, instrumental ensembles,

     orchestras, choirs and other artistic groups, including those composed of amateurs, paying due attention to the organization of international cultural youth events and the exchange of young artists;
     the inclusion of works by writers and composers from the other participating States in the repertoires of soloists and artistic ensembles;
     the preparation, translation and publication of articles, studies and monographs, as well as of low-cost books and of artistic and literary collections, suited to making better known respective cultural achievements, envisaging for this purpose meetings among experts and representatives of publishing houses;
     the co-production and the exchange of films and of radio and television programmes, by promoting, in particular, meetings among producers, technicians and representatives of the public authorities with a view to working out favourable conditions for the execution of specific joint projects and by encouraging, in the field of co-production, the establishment of international filming teams;
     the organization of competitions for architects and town-planners, bearing in mind the possible implementation of the best projects and the formation, where possible, of international teams;
     the implementation of joint projects for conserving, restoring and showing to advantage works of art, historical and archaeological monuments and sites of cultural interest, with the help, in appropriate cases, of international organizations of a governmental or non-governmental character as well as of private institutions - competent and active in these fields - envisaging for this purpose:
     periodic meetings of experts of the interested parties to elaborate the necessary proposals, while bearing in mind the need to consider these questions in a wider social and economic context;
     the publication in appropriate periodicals of articles designed to make known and to compare, among the participating States, the most significant achievements and innovations;
     a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible harmonization of the different systems used to inventory and catalogue the historical monuments and places of cultural interest in their countries;
     the study of the possibilities for organizing international courses for the
    training of specialists in different disciplines relating to restoration.

    * * *

     National minorities or regional cultures. The participating States, recognizing the
    contribution that national minorities or regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in various fields of culture, intend, when such minorities or cultures exist within their territory, to facilitate this contribution, taking into account the legitimate interests of their members.

    4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education

    The participating States,
     Conscious that the development of relations of an international character in the fields of education and science contributes to a better mutual understanding and is to the advantage of all peoples as well as to the benefit of future generations,
     Prepared to facilitate, between organizations, institutions and persons engaged in education and science, the further development of exchanges of knowledge and experience as well as of contacts, on the basis of special arrangements where these are necessary,
     Desiring to strengthen the links among educational and scientific establishments and also to encourage their co-operation in sectors of common interest, particularly where the levels of knowledge and resources require efforts to be concerted internationally, and
     Convinced that progress in these fields should be accompanied and supported by a wider knowledge of foreign languages,
     Express to these ends their intention in particular:

    (a) Extension of Relations

     To expand and improve at the various levels co-operation and links in the fields of education and science, in particular by:

    -  concluding, where appropriate, bilateral or multilateral agreements providing for cooperation and exchanges among State institutions, non-governmental bodies and persons engaged in activities in education and science, bearing in mind the need both for flexibility and the fuller use of existing agreements and arrangements;
    -  promoting the conclusion of direct arrangements between universities and other institutions of higher education and research, in the framework of agreements between governments where appropriate;
    -  encouraging among persons engaged in education and science direct contacts and communications" including those based on special agreements or arrangements where these are appropriate.

    (b) Access and Exchanges

     To improve access, under mutually acceptable conditions, for students, teachers and scholars of the participating States to each other's educational, cultural and scientific institutions, and to intensify exchanges among these institutions in all areas of common interest, in particular by:

    -  increasing the exchange of information on facilities for study and courses open to foreign participants, as well as on the conditions under which they will be admitted and received;
    -  facilitating travel between the participating States by scholars, teachers and students for purposes of study, teaching and research as well as for improving knowledge of each other's educational, cultural and scientific achievements;
    -  encouraging the award of scholarships for study, teaching and research in their
    countries to scholars, teachers and students of other participating States;
    -  establishing, developing or encouraging programmes providing for the broader
    exchange of scholars, teachers and students, including the organization of symposia, seminars and collaborative projects, and the exchanges of educational and scholarly information such as university publications and materials from libraries;
    -  promoting the efficient implementation of such arrangements and programmes by providing scholars, teachers and students in good time with more detailed information about their placing in universities and institutes and the programmes envisaged for them; by granting them the opportunity to use relevant scholarly, scientific and open archival materials; and by facilitating their travel within the receiving State for the purpose of study or research as well as in the form of vacation tours on the basis of the usual procedures;
    -  promoting a more exact assessment of the problems of comparison and equivalence of academic degrees and diplomas by fostering the exchange of information on the organization, duration and content of studies, the comparison of methods of assessing levels of knowledge, and academic qualifications, and, where feasible, arriving at the mutual recognition of academic degrees and diplomas either through governmental agreements, where necessary, or direct arrangements between universities and other institutions of higher learning and research;
    -  recommending, moreover, to the appropriate international organizations that they should intensify their efforts to reach a generally acceptable solution to the problems of comparison and equivalence between academic degrees and diplomas.

    (c) Science

     Within their competence to broaden and improve co-operation and exchanges in the field of science, in particular:
     To increase, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the exchange and dissemination of scientific information and documentation by such means as:

    -  making this information more widely available to scientists and research workers of the other participating States through, for instance, participation in international informationsharing programmes or through other appropriate arrangements;
    -  broadening and facilitating the exchange of samples and other scientific materials used particularly for fundamental research in the fields of natural sciences and medicine;
    -  inviting scientific institutions and universities to keep each other more fully and regularly informed about their current and contemplated research work in fields of common interest.

     To facilitate the extension of communications and direct contacts between universities, scientific institutions and associations as well as among scientists and research workers, including those based where necessary on special agreements or arrangements, by such means as:

    -  further developing exchanges of scientists and research workers and encouraging the organization of preparatory meetings or working groups on research topics of common interest;
    -  encouraging the creation of joint teams of scientists to pursue research projects under arrangements made by the scientific institutions of several countries;
    -  assisting the organization and successful functioning of international conferences and seminars and participation in them by their scientists and research workers;
    -  furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in science from the participating States to discuss interrelated problems of common interest concerning current and future developments in science, and to promote the expansion of contacts, communications and the exchange of information between scientific institutions and among scientists;
    -  foreseeing, at an early date, a meeting of experts representing the participating States and their national scientific institutions, in order to prepare such a "Scientific Forum" in consultation with appropriate international organizations, such as UNESCO and the ECE;
    -  considering in due course what further steps might be taken with respect to the
    "Scientific Forum".

     To develop in the field of scientific research, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the co-ordination of programmes carried out in the participating States and the organization of joint programmes, especially in the areas mentioned below, which may involve the combined efforts of scientists and in certain cases the use of costly or unique equipment. The list of subjects in these areas is illustrative; and specific projects would have to be determined subsequently by the potential partners in the participating States, taking account of the contribution which could be made by appropriate international organizations and scientific institutions:

    -  exact and natural sciences, in particular fundamental research in such fields as
    mathematics, physics, theoretical physics, geophysics, chemistry, biology, ecology and astronomy;

     medicine, in particular basic research into cancer and cardiovascular diseases, studies on the diseases endemic in the developing countries, as well as medico-social research with special emphasis on occupational diseases, the rehabilitation of the handicapped and the care of mothers, children and the elderly;

    -  the humanities and social sciences, such as history, geography, philosophy,
    psychology, pedagogical research, linguistics, sociology, the legal, political and economic sciences; comparative studies on social, socioeconomic and cultural phenomena which are of common interest to the participating States, especially the problems of human environment and urban development; and scientific studies on the methods of conserving and restoring monuments and works of art.

    (d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations

     To encourage the study of foreign languages and civilizations as an important means of expanding communication among peoples for their better acquaintance with the culture of each country, as well as for the strengthening of international co-operation; to this end to stimulate, within their competence, the further development and improvement of foreign language teaching and the diversification of choice of languages taught at various levels, paying due attention to less widely-spread or studied languages, and in particular:

    -  to intensify co-operation aimed at improving the teaching of foreign languages
    through exchanges of information and experience concerning the development and
    application of effective modem teaching methods and technical aids, adapted to the needs of different categories of students, including methods of accelerated teaching; and to consider the possibility of conducting, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, studies of new methods of foreign language teaching;
    -  to encourage co-operation between institutions concerned, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, aimed at exploiting more fully the resources of modem educational technology in language teaching, for example through comparative studies by their specialists and, where agreed, through exchanges or transfers of audio-visual materials, of materials used for preparing textbooks, as well as of information about new types of technical equipment used for teaching languages;
    -  to promote the exchange of information on the experience acquired in the training of language teachers and to intensify exchanges on a bilateral basis of language teachers and students as well as to facilitate their participation in summer courses in languages and civilizations, wherever these are organized;
    -  to encourage co-operation among experts in the field of lexicography with the aim of defining the necessary terminological equivalents, particularly in the scientific and technical disciplines, in order to facilitate relations among scientific institutions and specialists;
    -  to promote the wider spread of foreign language study among the different types of secondary education establishments and greater possibilities of choice between an increased number of European languages; and in this context to consider, wherever appropriate, the possibilities for developing the recruitment and training of teachers as well as the organization of the student groups required;
    -  to favour, in higher education, a wider choice in the languages offered to language students and greater opportunities for other students to study various foreign languages; also to facilitate, where desirable, the organization of courses in languages and civilizations, on the basis of special arrangements as necessary to be given by foreign lecturers, particularly from European countries having less widely-spread or studied languages;
    -  to promote, within the framework of adult education, the further development of specialized programmes, adapted to various needs and interests, for teaching foreign languages to their own inhabitants and the languages of host countries to interested adults from other countries; in this context to encourage interested institutions to cooperate, for example, in the elaboration of programmes for teaching by radio and television and by accelerated methods, and also, where desirable, in the definition of study objectives for such programmes, with a view to arriving at comparable levels of language proficiency;
    -  to encourage the association, where appropriate, of the teaching of foreign languages with the study of the corresponding civilizations and also to make further efforts to stimulate interest in the study of foreign languages, including relevant out-of-class activities.

    (e) Teaching Methods

     To promote the exchange of experience, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, in teaching methods at all levels of education, including those used in permanent and adult education, as well as the exchange of teaching materials, in particular by:

    -  further developing various forms of contacts and co-operation in the different fields of pedagogical science, for example through comparative or joint studies carried out by interested institutions or through exchanges of information on the results of teaching experiments;
    -  intensifying exchanges of information on teaching methods used in various educational systems and on results of research into the processes by which pupils and students acquire knowledge, taking account of relevant experience in different types of specialized education;
    -  facilitating exchanges of experience concerning the organization and functioning of education intended for adults and recurrent education, the relationships between these and other forms and levels of education, as well as concerning the means of adapting education, including vocational and technical training, to the needs of economic and social development in their countries;
    -  encouraging exchanges of experience in the education of youth and adults in international understanding, with particular reference to those major problems of mankind whose solution calls for a common approach and wider international co-operation;
    -  encouraging exchanges of teaching materials - including school textbooks, having in mind the possibility of promoting mutual knowledge and facilitating the presentation of each country in such books - as well as exchanges of information on technical innovations in the field of education.

    * * *

     National minorities or regional cultures. The participating States, recognizing the contribution that national minorities or regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in various fields of education, intend, when such minorities or cultures exist within their territory, to facilitate this contribution, taking into account the legitimate interests of their members.

    Follow-up to the Conference

    The participating States,
     Having considered and evaluated the progress made at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe,
     Considering further that, within the broader context of the world, the Conference is an important part of the process of improving security and developing co-operation in Europe and that its results will contribute significantly to this process,
     Intending to implement the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference in order to give full effect to its results and thus to further the process of improving security and developing co-operation in Europe,
     Convinced that, in order to achieve the aims sought by the Conference, they should make further unilateral, bilateral and multilateral efforts and continue, in the appropriate forms set forth below, the multilateral process initiated by the Conference,

    1.  Declare their resolve, in the period following the Conference, to pay due regard to and implement the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference:

    (a)  unilaterally, in all cases which lend themselves to such action;
    (b)  bilaterally, by negotiations with other participating States;
    (c)  multilaterally, by meetings of experts of the participating States, and also within the framework of existing international organizations, such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and UNESCO, with regard to educational, scientific and cultural cooperation;

    2.  Declare furthermore their resolve to continue the multilateral process initiated by the Conference:

    (a)  by proceeding to a thorough exchange of views both on the implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and of the tasks defined by the Conference, as well as, in the context of the questions dealt with by the latter, on the deepening of their mutual relations, the improvement of security and the development of co-operation in Europe, and the development of the process of détente in the future;
    (b)  by organizing to these ends meetings among their representatives, beginning with a meeting at the level of representatives appointed by the Ministers of foreign Affairs. This meeting will define the appropriate modalities for the holding of other meetings which could include further similar meetings and the possibility of a new Conference;

    3.  The first of the meetings indicated above will be held at Belgrade in 1977. A preparatory meeting to organize this meeting will be held at Belgrade on 15 June 1977. The preparatory meeting will decide on the date, duration, agenda and other modalities of the meeting of representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs;

    4.  The rules of procedure, the working methods and the scale of distribution for the expenses of the Conference will, mutatis mutandis, be applied to the meetings envisaged in paragraphs 1 (c), 2 and 3 above. All the above-mentioned meetings will be held in the participating States in rotation. The services of a technical secretariat will be provided by the host country.
     The original of this Final Act, drawn up in English, French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish, will be transmitted to the Government of the Republic of Finland, which will retain it in its archives. Each of the participating States will receive from the Government of the Republic of Finland a true copy of this Final Act.
     The text of this Final Act will be published in each participating State, which will disseminate it and make it known as widely as possible.
     The Government of the Republic of Finland is requested to transmit to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the text of this Final Act, which is not eligible for registration under Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, with a view to its circulation to all the members of the Organization as an official document of the United Nations.
     The Government of the Republic of Finland is also requested to transmit the text of this Final Act to the Director-General of UNESCO and to the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
     Wherefore, the undersigned High Representatives of the participating States, mindful of the high political significance which they attach to the results of the Conference, and declaring their determination to act in accordance with the provisions contained in the above texts, have subscribed their signatures below:

     

    Done at Helsinki,
    on 1st August
    1975,
    in the name of

     

    ÀÌÀü±Û : 22. Conference on Security and Co-Operation Europe Final Act(HELSINKI 1975)-3
    ´ÙÀ½±Û :
       ¸ñ·Ï