Ⅸ. Conference on Security and Co-Operation Europe Final Act(HELSINKI 1975)

22. CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT(HELSINKI 1975)

Contents

Preamble

Questions relating to Security in Europe
 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States
  I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty
  II. Refraining from the threat or use of force
  III. Inviolability of frontiers
  IV. Territorial integrity of States
  V. Peaceful settlement of disputes
  VI. Non-intervention in internal affairs
  VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including  the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
  VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples
  IX. Co-operation among States
  X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law
 (b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles

 2. Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament
  I. Prior notification of major military manoeuvres
               Prior notification of other military manoeuvres
               Exchange of observers
               Prior notification of major military movements
               Other confidence-building measures
  II. Questions relating to disarmament
  III. General considerations

Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment

 1. Commercial Exchanges
  General provisions
  Business contacts and facilities
  Economic and commercial information
  Marketing

 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest
  Industrial co-operation
  Projects of common interest

 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation
  Harmonization of standards
  Arbitration
  Specific bilateral arrangements

 4. Science and technology
  Possibilities for improving co-operation
  Fields of co-operation
   Agriculture
   Energy
   New technologies, rational use of resources
   Transport technology
   Physics
   Chemistry
   Meteorology and hydrology
   Oceanography
   Seismological research
   Research on glaciology, permafrost
   and problems of life under conditions of cold
   Computer, communication and information technologies
   Space research
   Medicine and public health
   Environmental research
  Forms and methods of co-operation

 5. Environment
  Aims of co-operation
  Fields of co-operation
   Control of air pollution
   Water pollution control and fresh water utilization
   Protection of the marine environment
   Land utilization and soils
   Nature conservation and nature reserves
   Improvement of environmental conditions in areas
   of human settlement
   Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting
   and assessment of environmental changes
   Legal and administrative measures
  Forms and methods of co-operation

 6. Co-operation in other areas
  Development of transport
  Promotion of tourism
  Economic and social aspects of migrant labour
  Training of personnel

Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean

Co-operation in Humanitarian and Other Fields

 1. Human Contacts
  (a) Contacts and regular meetings on the basis of family ties
  (b) Reunification of families(Human Contacts continued)
  (c) Marriage between citizens of different states
  (d) Travel for personal or professional reasons
  (e) Improvement of conditions for tourism on an Individual or collective basis
  (f) Meetings among young people
  (g) Sport
  (h) Expansion of contacts

 2. Information
  (a) Improvement of the circulation of, Access to, and exchange of information
   (i) Oral information
   (ii) Printed information
   (iii) Filmed and broadcast information
  (b) Co-operation in the field of information
  (c) Improvement of working conditions for journalists

 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture
  Extension of relations
  Mutual knowledge
  Exchanges and dissemination
  Access
  Contacts and co-operation
  Fields and forms of co-operation
   National minorities or regional cultures

 4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education
  (a) Extension of relations
  (b) Access and exchanges
  (c) Science
   exact and natural sciences
   medicine
   the humanities and social sciences
  (d) Foreign languages and civilizations
  (e) Teaching methods
   National minorities or regional cultures

Follow-up to the Conference

 About the text of the Helsinki Final Act

 Signatures

A selection of contemporary photographs appears between pages 66 and 67.
Copyrights: AKG Photo Berlin (A, B and C); Votava Bilddienst, Vienna (D, E and F); ehtikuva Oy, Helsinki (G).

 The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, which opened at Helsinki on 3 July 1973 and continued at Geneva from 18 September 1973 to 21 July 1975, was concluded at Helsinki on 1 August 1975 by the High Representatives of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Yugoslavia.

 During the opening and closing stages of the Conference the participants were
addressed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as their guest of honour. The Director-General of UNESCO and the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe addressed the Conference during its second stage.

 During the meetings of the second stage of the Conference, contributions were received, and statements heard, from the following non-participating Mediterranean States on various agenda items: the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Israel, the Kingdom of Morocco, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia.

 Motivated by the political will, in the interest of peoples, to improve and intensify their relations and to contribute in Europe to peace, security, justice and cooperation as well as to rapprochement among themselves and with the other States of the world,

 Determined, in consequence, to give full effect to the results of the Conference and to assure, among their States and throughout Europe, the benefits deriving from those results and thus to broaden, deepen and make continuing and lasting the process of détente,

 The High Representatives of the participating States have solemnly adopted the following:

Questions relating to Security in Europe
The States participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe,

 Reaffirming their objective of promoting better relations among themselves and ensuring conditions in which their people can live in true and lasting peace free from any threat to or attempt against their security;

 Convinced of the need to exert efforts to make détente both a continuing and an increasingly viable and comprehensive process, universal in scope, and that the implementation of the results of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe will be a major contribution to this process;

 Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the common purpose of the participating States in achieving the aims as set forth by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer relations among them in all fields and thus to overcoming the confrontation stemming from the character of their past relations, and to better mutual understanding;

 Mindful of their common history and recognizing that the existence of elements common to their traditions and values can assist them in developing their relations, and desiring to search, fully taking into account the individuality and diversity of their positions and views, for possibilities of joining their efforts with a view to overcoming distrust and increasing confidence, solving the problems that separate them and cooperating in the interest of mankind;

 Recognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe as well as their common interest in the development of cooperation throughout Europe and among selves and expressing their intention to pursue efforts accordingly;

 Recognizing the close link between peace and security in Europe and in the world as a whole and conscious of the need for each of them to make its contribution to the strengthening of world peace and security and to the promotion of fundamental rights, economic and social progress and well-being for all peoples;

 Have adopted the following:

1

(a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States

The participating States,

 Reaffirming their commitment to peace, security and justice and the continuing
development of friendly relations and co-operation;

 Recognizing that this commitment, which reflects the interest and aspirations of peoples, constitutes for each participating State a present and future responsibility, heightened by experience of the past;

 Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the United Nations and in
accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations, their full and active support for the United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems, as well as the development of friendly relations and cooperation among States;

 Expressing their common adherence to the principles which are set forth below and are in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, as well as their common will to act, in the application of these principles, in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations;

 Declare their determination to respect and put into practice, each of them in its
relations with all other participating States, irrespective of their political, economic or social systems as well as of their size, geographical location or level of economic development, the following principles, which all are of primary significance, guiding their mutual relations:

I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty

 The participating States will respect each other's sovereign equality and individuality as well as all the rights inherent in and encompassed by its sovereignty, including in particular the right of every State to juridical equality, to territorial integrity and to freedom and political independence. They will also respect each other's right freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural systems as well as its right to determine its laws and regulations.

 Within the framework of international law, all the participating States have equal rights and duties. They will respect each other's right to define and conduct as it wishes its relations with other States in accordance with international law and in the spirit of the present Declaration. They consider that their frontiers can be changed, in accordance with international law, by peaceful means and by agreement. They also have the right to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of alliance; they also have the right to neutrality.

II. Refraining from the threat or use of force

 The participating States will refrain in their mutual relations, as well as in their
international relations in general, from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with the present Declaration. No consideration may be invoked to serve to warrant resort to the threat or use of force in contravention of this principle.

 Accordingly, the participating States will refrain from any acts constituting a threat of force or direct or indirect use of force against another participating State.
Likewise they will refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose of inducing another participating State to renounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights. Likewise they will also refrain in their mutual relations from any act of reprisal by force.

 No such threat or use of force will be employed as a means of settling disputes, or questions likely to give rise to disputes, between them.

III. Inviolability of frontiers

 The participating States regard as inviolable all one another's frontiers as well as the frontiers of all States in Europe and therefore they will refrain now and in the future from assaulting these frontiers.

 Accordingly, they will also refrain from any demand for, or act of, seizure and
usurpation of part or all of the territory of any participating State.

IV. Territorial integrity of States

 The participating States will respect the territorial integrity of each of the participating States.

 Accordingly, they will refrain from any action inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations against the territorial integrity, political independence or the unity of any participating State, and in particular from any such action constituting a threat or use of force.

 The participating States will likewise refrain from making each other's territory the object of military occupation or other direct or indirect measures of force in contravention of international law, or the object of acquisition by means of such measures or the threat of them. No such occupation or acquisition will be recognized as legal.

V. Peaceful settlement of disputes

 The participating States will settle disputes among them by peaceful means in such a manner as not to endanger international peace and security, and justice.

 They will endeavour in good faith and a spirit of cooperation to reach a rapid and equitable solution on the basis of international law.

 For this purpose they will use such means as negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement or other peaceful means of their own choice including any settlement procedure agreed to in advance of disputes to which they are parties.

 In the event of failure to reach a solution by any of the above peaceful means, the parties to a dispute will continue to seek a mutually agreed way to settle the dispute peacefully.

 Participating States, parties to a dispute among them, as well as other participating States, will refrain from any action which might aggravate the situation to such a degree as to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security and thereby make a peaceful settlement of the dispute more difficult.

VI. Non-intervention in internal affairs

 The participating States will refrain from any intervention, direct or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal or external affairs falling within the domestic jurisdiction of another participating State, regardless of their mutual relations.

 They will accordingly refrain from any form of armed intervention or threat of such intervention against another participating State.

 They will likewise in all circumstances refrain from any other act of military, or of political, economic or other coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exercise by another participating State of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.

 Accordingly, they will, inter alia, refrain from direct or indirect assistance to terrorist activities, or to subversive or other activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another participating State.

VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief

 The participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

 They will promote and encourage the effective exercise of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and freedoms all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the human person and are essential for his free and full development.

 Within this framework the participating States will recognize and respect the freedom of the individual to profess and practice, alone or in community with others, religion or belief acting in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience.

 The participating States on whose territory national minorities exist will respect the right of persons belonging to such minorities to equality before the law, will afford them the full opportunity for the actual enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms and will, in this manner, protect their legitimate interests in this sphere.

 The participating States recognize the universal significance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for which is an essential factor for the peace, justice and wellbeing necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations and co-operation among themselves as among all States.
They will constantly respect these rights and freedoms in their mutual relations and will endeavour jointly and separately, including in co-operation with the United Nations, to promote universal and effective respect for them.

 They confirm the right of the individual to know and act upon his rights and duties in this field.

 In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil their obligations as set forth in the international declarations and agreements in this field, including inter alia the International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be bound.

VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples

 The participating States will respect the equal rights of peoples and their right to selfdetermination, acting at all times in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the relevant norms of international law, including those relating to territorial integrity of States.

 By virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, all peoples always have the right, in full freedom, to determine, when and as they wish, their internal and external political status, without external interference, and to pursue as they wish their political, economic, social and cultural development.

 The participating States reaffirm the universal significance of respect for and effective exercise of equal rights and self-determination of peoples for the development of friendly relations among themselves as among all States; they also recall the importance of the elimination of any form of violation of this principle.

IX. Cooperation among States

 The participating States will develop their co-operation with one another and with all States in all fields in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. In developing their co-operation the participating States will place special emphasis on the fields as set forth within the framework of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, with each of them making its contribution in conditions of full equality.

 They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in developing their cooperation, to improve the well-being of peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic, scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to making these benefits available to all; they will take into account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in the levels of economic development, and in particular the interest of developing countries throughout the world.

 They confirm that governments, institutions, organizations and persons have a
relevant and positive role to play in contributing toward the achievement of these aims of their cooperation.

 They will strive, in increasing their cooperation as set forth above, to develop closer relations among themselves on an improved and more enduring basis for the benefit of peoples.

X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law

 The participating States will fulfil in good faith their obligations under international law, both those obligations arising from the generally recognized principles and rules of international law and those obligations arising from treaties or other agreements, in conformity with international law, to which they are parties.

 In exercising their sovereign rights, including the right to determine their laws and regulations, they will conform with their legal obligations under international law; they will furthermore pay due regard to and implement the provisions in the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

 The participating States confirm that in the event of a conflict between the obligations of the members of the United Nations under the Charter of the United Nations and their obligations under any treaty or other international agreement, their obligations under the Charter will prevail, in accordance with Article 103 of the Charter of the United Nations.

 All the principles set forth above are of primary significance and, accordingly, they will be equally and unreservedly applied, each of them being interpreted taking into account the others.

 The participating States express their determination fully to respect and apply these principles, as set forth in the present Declaration, in all aspects, to their mutual relations and cooperation in order to ensure to each participating State the benefits resulting from the respect and application of these principles by all.

 The participating States, paying due regard to the principles above and, in particular, to the first sentence of the tenth principle, "Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law", note that the present Declaration does not affect their rights and obligations, nor the corresponding treaties and other agreements and arrangements.

 The participating States express the conviction that respect for these principles will encourage the development of normal and friendly relations and the progress of co-operation among them in all fields. They also express the conviction that respect for these principles will encourage the development of political contacts among them which in time would contribute to better mutual understanding of their positions and views.

 The participating States declare their intention to conduct their relations with all other States in the spirit of the principles contained in the present Declaration.

(b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles

(i) The participating States,

 Reaffirming that they will respect and give effect to refraining from the threat or use of force and convinced of the necessity to make it an effective norm of international life,

 Declare that they are resolved to respect and carry out, in their relations with one another, inter alia, the following provisions which are in conformity with the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States:

-  To give effect and expression, by all the ways and forms which they consider appropriate, to the duty to refrain from the threat or use of force in their relations with one another.

-  To refrain from any use of armed forces inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the provisions of the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States, against another participating State, in particular from invasion of or attack on its territory.

-  To refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose of inducing another
participating State to renounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights.

-  To refrain from any act of economic coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exercise by another participating State of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.

-  To take effective measures which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.

-  To promote, by all means which each of them considers appropriate, a climate of confidence and respect among peoples consonant with their duty to refrain from propaganda for wars of aggression or for any threat or use of force inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States, against another participating State.

-  To make every effort to settle exclusively by peaceful means any dispute between them, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security in Europe, and to seek, first of all, a solution through the peaceful means set forth in Article 33 of the United Nations Charter.
 To refrain from any action which could hinder the peaceful settlement of disputes between the participating States.

(ii) The participating States,

 Reaffirming their determination to settle their disputes as set forth in the Principle of Peaceful Settlement of Disputes;

 Convinced that the peaceful settlement of disputes is a complement to refraining from the threat or use of force, both being essential though not exclusive factors for the maintenance and consolidation of peace and security;

 Desiring to reinforce and to improve the methods at their disposal for the peaceful settlement of disputes;

1.  Are resolved to pursue the examination and elaboration of a generally acceptable method for the peaceful settlement of disputes aimed at complementing existing methods, and to continue to this end to work upon the "Draft Convention on a European System for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes" submitted by Switzerland during the second stage of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, as well as other proposals relating to it and directed towards the elaboration of such a method.

2.  Decide that, on the invitation of Switzerland, a meeting of experts of all the
participating States will be convoked in order to fulfil the mandate described in paragraph 1 above within the framework and under the procedures of the follow-up to the Conference laid down in the chapter "Follow-up to the Conference".

3.  This meeting of experts will take place after the meeting of the representatives
appointed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the participating States, scheduled according to the chapter "Follow-up to the Conference" for 1977; the results of the work of this meeting of experts will be submitted to Governments.

2.
Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament

The participating States,

 Desirous of eliminating the causes of tension that may exist among them and thus of contributing to the strengthening of peace and security in the world;

 Determined to strengthen confidence among them and thus to contribute to increasing stability and security in Europe;

 Determined further to refrain in their mutual relations, as well as in their international relations in general, from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States as adopted in this Final Act;

 Recognizing the need to contribute to reducing the dangers of armed conflict and of misunderstanding or miscalculation of military activities which could give rise to apprehension, particularly in a situation where the participating States lack clear and timely information about the nature of such activities;

 Taking into account considerations relevant to efforts aimed at lessening tension and promoting disarmament;

 Recognizing that the exchange of observers by invitation at military manoeuvres will help to promote contacts and mutual understanding;

 Having studied the question of prior notification of major military movements in the context of confidence-building;

 Recognizing that there are other ways in which individual States can contribute
further to their common objectives;

 Convinced of the political importance of prior notification of major military
mancouvres for the promotion of mutual understanding and the strengthening of confidence, stability and security;

 Accepting the responsibility of each of them to promote these objectives and to
implement this measure, in accordance with the accepted criteria and modalities, as essentials for the realization of these objectives;

 Recognizing that this measure deriving from political decision rests upon a voluntary basis;

Have adopted the following:

I
Prior notification of major military manoeuvres

 They will notify their major military manoeuvres to all other participating States through usual diplomatic channels in accordance with the following provisions:

 Notification will be given of major military manoeuvres exceeding a total of 25,000 troops, independently or combined with any possible air or naval components (in this context the word "troops" includes amphibious and airborne troops). In the case of independent manoeuvres of amphibious or airborne troops, or of combined manoeuvres involving them, these troops will be included in this total. Furthermore, in the case of combined manoeuvres which do not reach the above total but which involve land forces together with significant numbers of either amphibious or airborne troops, or both, notification can also be given.

 Notification will be given of major military manoeuvres which take place on the territory, in Europe, of any participating State as well as, if applicable, in the adjoining sea area and air space.

 In the case of a participating State whose territory extends beyond Europe, prior notification need be given only of manoeuvres which take place in an area within 250 kilometres from its frontier facing or shared with any other European participating State, the participating State need not, however, give notification in cases in which that area is also contiguous to the participating State's frontier facing or shared with a non-European nonparticipating State.

 Notification will be given 21 days or more in advance of the start of the manoeuvre or in the case of a manoeuvre arranged at shorter notice at the earliest possible opportunity prior to its starting date.

 Notification will contain information of the designation, if any, the general purpose of and the States involved in the manoeuvre, the type or types and numerical strength of the forces engaged, the area and estimated time-frame of its conduct. The participating States will also, if possible, provide additional relevant information, particularly that related to the components of the forces engaged and the period of involvement of these form.

Prior notification of other military manoeuvres

 The participating States recognize that they can contribute further to strengthening confidence and increasing security and stability, and to this end may also notify smaller-scale military manoeuvres to other participating States, with special regard for those near the area of such manoeuvres.

 To the same end, the participating States also recognize that they may notify other military manoeuvres conducted by them.

Exchange of observers

 The participating States will invite other participating States, voluntarily and on a bilateral basis, in a spirit of reciprocity and goodwill towards all participating States, to send observers to attend military manoeuvres.

 The inviting State will determine in each case the number of observers, the procedures and conditions of their participation, and give other information which it may consider useful. It will provide appropriate facilities and hospitality.

 The invitation will be given as far ahead as is conveniently possible through usual diplomatic channels.

Prior notification of major military movements

 In accordance with the Final Recommendations of the Helsinki Consultations the participating States studied the question of prior-notification of major military movements as a measure to strengthen confidence.

 Accordingly, the participating States recognize that they may, at their own discretion and with a view to contributing to confidence-building, notify their major military movements.

 In the same spirit, further consideration will be given by the States participating in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe to the question of prior notification of major military movements, bearing in mind, in particular, the experience gained by the implementation of the measures which are set forth in this document.

Other confidence-building measures

 The participating States recognize that there are other means by which their common objectives can be promoted.

 In particular, they will, with due regard to reciprocity and with a view to better mutual understanding, promote exchanges by invitation among their military delegations.

* * *

 In order to make a fuller contribution to their common objective of confidence/building, the participating States, when conducting their military activities in the area covered by the provisions for the prior notification of major military manoeuvres, will duly take into account and respect this objective.

 They also recognize that the experience gained by the implementation of the provisions set forth above, together with further efforts, could lead to developing and enlarging measures aimed at strengthening confidence.

II
Questions relating to disarmament

 The participating States recognize the interest of all of them in efforts aimed at
lessening military confrontation and promoting disarmament which are designed to complement political détente in Europe and to strengthen their security. They are convinced of the necessity to take effective measures in these fields which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control, and which should result in strengthening peace and security throughout the world.

III
General considerations

 Having considered the views expressed on various subjects related to the strengthening of security in Europe through joint efforts aimed at promoting détente and disarmament, the participating States, when engaged in such efforts, will, in this context, proceed, in particular, from the following essential considerations:

-  The complementary nature of the political and military aspects of security;

-  The interrelation between the security of each participating State and security in Europe as a whole and the relationship which exists, in the broader context of world security, between security in Europe and security in the Mediterranean area;

-  Respect for the security interests of all States participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe inherent in their sovereign equality;

- The importance that participants in negotiating fora see to it that information about relevant developments, progress and results is provided on an appropriate basis to other States participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe and, in return, the justified interest of any of those States in having their views considered.